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An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, encompassing its background, objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions. It should be a single paragraph with a word count between 175 and 275 words. Please include up to six keywords, written in lowercase and separated by commas (except for names and scientific names). Subheadings, bullet points, lists, and header/footer should be avoided in the abstract. The title should be short but descriptive, highlighting the key aspects of the paper without using abbreviations. Acronyms should be spelled out fully upon first use, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Always adhere to SI units. Scientific names should be italicized. Use negative exponents for units (e.g., kg·m⁻³) and avoid indicating units as divisions (e.g., kg/m³). Chemical formulas should be written in standard form (e.g., CaCO₃). Use a leading zero before decimal points (e.g., 0.45, not .45). Citations or references should not be included in the abstract, but if necessary, sources can be provided in brackets.

Font Guidelines:

• Title: Times New Roman, 12 pt, uppercase, centered, bold
• Body: Times New Roman, 11 pt; line spacing: 1, single column

Affiliations:

• Affiliation numbers should appear as superscript Arabic numerals after the surname/family name.
• The corresponding author should be marked with a superscript asterisk (*).
• Include the name of the institution and country for each affiliation.
• If multiple authors share an affiliation, use superscript numbers to indicate their connection.

Example:

Surname INITIALS 1, Surname INITIALS 1* and Surname INITIALS 2
1 Department, Faculty, University, Country
2 Department, Institute, Country
*author@gmail.com (Email of the corresponding author)